Adam Smiths Contribution to Classical Political Economy

Adam Smiths Contribution to Classical Political Economy Evaluate the commitment of Adam Smith to the convention of Classical Political Economy Significant Assignment Related Notices Punishments: College strategy necessitates that a punishment be deducted from the genuine imprint accomplished for each working day the task is late until 0 is reached. There is a severe cutoff time of 11:59pm on day of accommodation. One evaluation step will be deducted for exceptionally 11:59pm cutoff time that is missed. Any composed appraisal that surpasses the expressed word limit by over 10% will get a one evaluation step mark reasoning. Augmentations Plagiarism Information: For more data about augmentations and literary theft please allude to your One Stop Shop course. An Originality Report (OR) is created by Turnitin each time a bit of work is submitted. The OR shows where matches have been found between the submitted report and other existing sources in the Turnitin database. 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Input Outline of accommodation (Definition of inquiry, joining of hypothetical and experimental material where suitable, commitment with applicable topics and issues, commitment with significant scholastic writing) Nature of examination and investigation (Clarity and profundity of contention, extent of contention, innovation of approach, scope of sources utilized, basic utilization of sources) Proof of key aptitudes (Structure, lucidity of articulation, legitimate referencing and going with book index, arranging, proof of supported exploration) Likely regions for development (How could a future accommodation be upgraded?) Survey the commitment of Adam Smith to the custom of Classical Political Economy Presentation Adam Smith’s commitment to the convention of old style political economy was colossally compelling. This paper will examine two of his significant speculations laid out in the Wealth of Nations; the division of work and afterward the undetectable hand, while quickly addressing Smith’s see on the job of the state and the free-showcase. Smith was an ethical savant from the late eighteenth Century and composed; â€Å"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations† in 1776, to investigate the political-monetary arrangement of the time; mercantilism. This was a financial hypothesis and practice that supported government and state mediation into the assignment of scant assets. Smith was composing at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution when the world was evolving. In the Wealth of Nations, Smith proposed numerous progressive monetary speculations including; the division of work, the work hypothesis of significant worth, the job of the state in an economy and the imperceptible hand among others, which he thought would construct a nations’ riches. Traditional political economy is a gathering of speculations that created in the seventeenth †nineteenth Century to attempt to comprehend society based on its monetary establishment. Smith saw political economy as a part of study of legislators, planned for giving its residents ample income or resource and adequate income for state for open help. It proposed to enhance both the individuals and the sovereign. (Smith, 2008, p. 275; Burnham, P., 2014, A). Smith accepted that society ought to be showcase based, which he accepted were portrayed by the three elements of creation; land, work and capital. These variables of creation produce three classes inside society: landowners, capital propriet ors and work. Each class gets income, and all are autonomous of one another. Smith’s primary concern in the Wealth of Nations was that all classes could pick up from an expansion in the extent of the market; whatever blocks the free-showcase is an issue (Burnham, P., 2014, B). Conversation One of Smith’s key speculations, proposed in the Wealth of Nations, was that of the division of work. This alludes to the detachment of various pieces of the creation procedure as indicated by the worker’s capacity as well as the worker’s gear. Smith accepted that the advantages were clear; it upgraded the creation procedure prompting a progressively proficient utilization of scant assets just as bringing down the expense of creation (Smith, 2008, Book I, ch.1). Moreover, Smith emphatically accepted that the division of work incredibly expanded the amount a specialist as well as firm could create. The aftereffects of separating work are; the expansion in the expertise of the specialist; diminished time misfortune after exchanging creation process, and the development of machines which helps laborers and empowers one man to accomplish crafted by many. By diminishing the worker’s part of the creation procedure to one, less difficult activity performed exclus ively by the specialist, this expands the worker’s ability and execution. As no laborer needs to change task, additional time can be committed to the creation procedure. The specialization of laborers would empower firms to utilize apparatus, in this way delivering more merchandise all the more proficiently contrasted with human capital, diminishing the quantity of laborers required to make a specific amount of products, and in this manner decreasing the expense of creation (Smith, 2008, pp.15-17). In the eighteenth Century when The Wealth of Nations was distributed, industrial facility proprietors embraced his standard of individuals spend significant time specifically occupations as appeared in his case of the pin-producer. This rule of specialization has proceeded to present day modern occupations, for example, vehicle fabricating. In any case, Smith accepted that the division of work was constrained by the degree of the market. For instance, if the market is little to the point that a specialist can't sell their produce of work effectively, the laborer will make misfortunes, thus, on this premise, may work in an industry for which they are not talented in. Smith contended that division of work will possibly happen when the populace is huge, that will make enough interest for specific administrations (Smith, 2008, Book I, ch. 3). Karl Marx couldn't help contradicting Smith’s hypothesis, as he accepted that specialization would prompt the estrangement of laborers as the work gets tedious and decreases the estimation of the laborer from a person to that of a machine (Marx, 1988, p.72). Moreover when work turns out to be progressively particular, less preparing is required for each activity, thus, the individual specialists become less talented than if one laborer played out the entire errand (Marx, 1999, p .119). Smith likewise evaluates the division of work; he accepted that if a laborer gave their life to performing one or a couple of basic activities of which the impacts are comparable or the equivalent, the specialist has no event to find techniques for evacuating troubles that never happen. Smith contends that along these lines, the specialist would for the most part become as moronic and oblivious as is workable for a human to be (Smith, 2008, pp. 429 430). Another of Smith’s most conspicuous thoughts was the idea of the ‘Invisible Hand’ and the possibility of a free-showcase (Smith, 2008, Book IV, ch. 2). What Smith really implied by ‘Invisible Hand’ is as yet a challenged thought between financial analysts, yet it is broadly accepted that it is an allegory to depict the guide of the designation of scant assets in a free-advertise. A free-advertise is a market liberated from government intercession thus the market cost of merchandise are controlled by the connection among gracefully and request. Smith expressed that all entertainers, purchasers and venders, keep their best interests in mind (Burnham, P., 2014, B). Smith guaranteed that, because of the nonattendance of government mediation, purchasers are allowed to pick where to purchase products from and vender are allowed to pick which merchandise they need to gracefully and at what cost and amount. Smith accepted that this strategy would profit society as purchasers, keeping their best interests in mind, would purchase products from the least expensive venders. This would imply that organizations would go up against one another, attempting to pick up whatever number clients as could be allowed to boost their own personal responsibility; benefit. This would prompt firms slicing their costs so as to pick up purchasers. Thusly, the wasteful firms with greater expenses and whose utilization of assets are wasteful, won't have the option to cut their costs, so are constrained out of the market. An undeniable case of this is spending carriers going up against one another, Laker Airways got bankrupt in 1982 attempting to contend. This definitely prompts a progressively effective utilization of assets, with purchasers getting their products at a less expensive cost as well as greater; improving their utility while the proficient firms receive the rewards of expanded benefits. Smith acce pted that along these lines, the free-advertise is the most ideal approach to designate scant assets and that people attempting to amplify their u

Individual interviewsversus group interviews Essay

Individual interviewsversus bunch interviews - Essay Example Singular meetings are likewise seen as a suitable type of information assortment if a questioner needs to pose various follow up inquiries. During singular meetings, there is no huge time delay between when an inquiry is first presented by the questioner and when the interviewee answers it. Both the questioner and the interviewee can have the option to promptly respond to what the different happens to state. A key bit of leeway to his simultaneous correspondence is recognized just like the way that the appropriate responses gave by the interviewee are seen as progressively unconstrained without having any all-encompassing reflection (Harris, 2013). Gathering meeting or center gatherings would be regarded to be progressively fitting or be advantageous when utilized notwithstanding singular meetings if the meeting needs to decide how the various up-and-comers can associate with one another in a gathering setting. The questioner may request that the meetings cooperate towards the goals of issues. This will give an open door whereby the questioner will have the option to watch and cautiously note how every individual performs. Gathering meeting are found be progressively fitting if a questioner wishes to diminish the measure of time it takes to direct the meeting. Singular meetings will in general take a great deal of time however with bunch meets, various up-and-comers would all be able to be met at one go (Denscombe,

Is it Possible to Change Google My Business Pages Custom URL

Is it Possible to Change Google My Business Pages Custom URL Google Plus page is necessary for getting good standing point to Google search engine. However every Blogger platform users must have Google Plus page to spread their content over the net rapidly. However this is very easy to create a Google Plus page by click on few options. And the main attractive feature of Google Plus is you will get Custom URL if your page is eligible for it. Positive side of using custom URL is to make Blog visitors memorable your page easily. When a user creates a Google Plus profile then Google gives a unique ID number. And this ID number contains many digits, which is not possible to remember. Even you wont able to memorize your own ID. As a result, to make Google Plus page easy to memorable it provides custom URL. As a webmaster you must want to get your Google plus pages custom URL similar to your Domain name. Suppose my Blog Domain name is BloggerSpice and in Google Plus custom URL definitely I wish to set BloggerSpice as custom URL. But this is not so easy. Google Plus required adding some extra letters with your Google Plus page name. And after become eligible for Custom URL Google Plus will force you to select a suitable custom URL. When I was created my Google plus page then after few days I become eligible for Custom URL and Google plus giving me constant notification for selecting Google Plus custom URL. But I was unable to get my desired custom URL, because Google Plus telling me to add some extra letter with BloggerSpice. Otherwise it will automatically set a Google Plus custom page name. Finally I have selected custom Google Plus page name as BloggerSpicePlus. But that name was not similar to my Blog domain. As a result I was finding a way to get my desired custom Google plus URL as BloggerSpice only. But I have tried to change my Google plus pages custom URL but it is not possible. Because you can select desired page URL only one time. But you can create multiple Google plus page but for custom URL you can use only one time per page. And this custom page URL cant remove. However luckily I have change my Google Plus custom page URL second time. But it was not possible by me. I have taken help Google Plus team. Only Google Plus team has full controlling power on Google Plus page. So you can also change your Google Plus page name, if Google Plus team sees your desired name is available. Note that this can be possible in case of Google Plus Business page. I am running my online web design Business through my Blog and registered with Google Plus Business to get more visibility in search engine. How to Apply for Google Plus Custom URL? The simple method to change Google Business page URL is to contact with Google Plus team through direct call (you will get response within 1 minute) or Email because (you will get response within 24 hours from them). Non-English speaker should select email as a medium of communication with Google plus team. So please follow the instruction from below- Step 1 Login to your Google My Business account Step 2 After log into the account visit https://support.google.com/business and from top right corner of the page click CONTACT US link. Step 3 Now supports options will visible from there click Ownership or access to my business - Other problem. Step 4 From Other problem click Email icon. Step 5 At this time you have to fill up the form and write details about your Google my Business page name changes and desire page name. After fill up the form click SUBMIT button. You will get quick response from Google My Business Team through email. Google My Business Team will assist you with details to change the Google Plus Business page URL. After their approval it will take minimum 3 to 7 working days.As well as you will receive an email from Google Plus team. Once Google Plus team approves your application then you would see your previous custom URL has gone from Business page.And now you will able to add new custom URL. However Google Plus team will suggest your 3 Custom URL including your desire one. How to Change Google Plus Custom URL? After approval from Google Plus team you would able to change Google Plus custom URL. All you need to do now is claim the URL from the Google+ page with the following steps Step 1 Visit http://plus.google.com/ and log in there. Step 2 In the top left corner, click the drop-down menu click Profile. Step 3 Under your photo and profile summary, click About. Step 4 Scroll to Links section find the header Google+ URL and click Get URL. Step 5 Youll see the custom URLs you can choose from. You may also need to add a few letters or numbers to make it unique to you. Step 6 Next to I agree to the Terms of Service click the box in the bottom left corner, click Change URL. Step 7 You may be asked to verify your account using your mobile phone number. If youre asked to do this: Type your mobile phone number in the lower left corner, click Send code. Step 8 Check your phone for the code that was sent to you. Enter that code in the box on your screen, and then in the lower left corner, click Verify. Step 9 When youre ready to permanently add your URL to your profile, click Confirm choice. Congratulation!!! With your new Google Plus Business pages custom URL. I hope this tutorial will help to amend your Google Plus Business page custom URL get help to get desire one. Thank You.

Class Pgmt 502 Effective Communication For Managing Projects

This exercise discusses the membership, social identity, and mechanics operating within the team informally known as ERAU Nighthawks. This team, originally assembled as Group 3, formed by instructor assignment during the August 2016 section of class PGMT 502 Effective Communication for Managing Projects. In addition to the group mechanics, this paper includes a discussion of the best practices for ERAU graduate course meetings discovered by the Nighthawks. Mechanics Group Formation Group 3, the ERAU Nighthawks, formed on August 11, 2016 during an Eaglevision classroom session. By consensus, Group 3 designated Stephen Burton as manager after a self-nomination and statement of capabilities. The group quickly reviewed the skills, knowledge, and experience of each individual and then adopted a team name and a project goal. Table 1 belows shows the roles and responsibilites that the team members have exhibited since formation. Table 1 – ERAU Nighthawks Roster Duties Member Role Responsibilities Stephen Burton Manager Coordinates group efforts, submits group deliverables Steven Duplessis Facilitator Monitors meeting focus, timeframe, and outcomes Richard Frates Provisional Manager Backup if manager is unavailable Jade Spradley Subject Matter Expert Knowledge resource for team project deliverable Leadership Lussier and Achua posit five normative leadership styles: Decide, consult individually, consult group, facilitate, and delegate (p128, 2013). While all of these

MSG The Risky Taste Essay - 2483 Words

Food additives have been around for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years. They have been used for a wide variety of purposes: to preserve food to keep it from spoiling, to enhance flavor, or the simple purpose of making food look more presentable to whoever is going to consume it. But the most prominent food additive is what is called M.S.G. This food additive, whose name is short for Monosodium Glutamate, has been in the U.S. for over 60 years. This is a food additive that has been known to kill, which is why it should be removed from the market in the first place, or at least be heavily regulated by the FDA. One might not care about this topic because they think it is nothing to get worked up over, but MSG is not something to laugh†¦show more content†¦Also, MSG is not sprinkled on food like table salt is, instead its mixed into the food being enhanced. MSG is also what is called an excitoxin, which is a type of molecule that stimulates the nerve cells when it is introduce d in the body. This stimulation is what gives MSG its reputation as a flavor enhancing product. However, stimulation nerve cells is anything but a good idea because overdoing it has a high chance killing them. To be honest, MSG is anything but salt because of this characteristic.(Romanowski) MSG was discovered in Japan in the year 1908 by Professor Kikunae Ikeda. Wondering why people, such as his wife, added Kombu, a type of Japanese seaweed, into foods such as stew and soups to enhance their taste, Professor Ikeda took this question to his laboratory at the Tokyo Imperial University. It was there that he discovered the very component that was enhancing the flavor. It was identified as a form of a sodium compound of glutamic acid, or monosodium glutamate, which is how MSG got its name. (Lee) After the professor discovered the source of the flavor enhancer, many countries began using it in different ways. Americas history with MSG is as interesting as where it came from. America firs t used MSG in the late 1940s. Although great effort was spent to introduce it to the country, hardly anything was accomplished prior to World War II. Despite this lackShow MoreRelatedNestle Ansoff Matrix1801 Words   |  8 PagesStrategies for Diversification. It is used by marketers who have objectives for growth. Ansoffs matrix offers strategic choices to achieve the objectives. There are four main categories for selection. The market penetration strategy is the least risky since it leverages many of the firm’s existing resources and capabilities. In a growing market, simply maintaining market share will result in growth, and there may exist opportunities increase market share if competitors reach capacity limits. 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It sells Tootsie Rolls, Tootsie Pops, Blow Pops, Caramel Apple Pops, Mason Dots, Mason Crows, Sugar Daddy, and Sugar Babies. We call amounts earned on the sale of these products revenues. Revenue is the increase in assets

Ap World History Sugar Trade Dbq - 821 Words

The sugar trade was driven by its easy accessibility of slaves, land, and the sugar itself. Due to these characteristics the sugar trade flourished greatly through much of the world. Slaves were a main reason for the increase in sugar crops. The trading of slaves was already increasing at the time and therefore made obtaining them even easier. Document 10 show the correlation between slave population and sugar produced. It demonstrates how an increase in slaves produced an increase in sugar. Slaves provided a simple and easy way to maintain the sugar crops. Document 11 lists items that English merchants used to purchase slaves. The list includes ordinary things such as powder, toys, and brass pans that could be bought in markets.†¦show more content†¦Also, this far way land allowed owners of the plantations to perform their business easily by having other people do the work for them. Document 7 lists four of the largest plantation owners of the Caribbean. In each description it states that the owners were absentees, meaning they indeed performed their business from England rather than at the site. The lands of the Caribbean allowed sugarShow MoreRelatedBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 PagesUsing the DBQ Practice Questions from The Enduring Vision, Sixth Edition A Teachers’ Guide Ray Soderholm Minnetonka High School Minnetonka, Minnesota Using the DBQ Practice Questions from The Enduring Vision, 6th Edition A Teachers’ Guide This guide is intended to suggest some possible ways that students may organize essays related to the document-based questions in the Advanced Placement version of The Enduring Vision, 6th Edition, and to provide teachers with some information on each included

Role of Federal State and Local Governmentsâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss the role of federal, state, and local governments, rhe role of providers. Answer: Healthcare system is a system, where, therapeutic, diagnostic, and preventive measures are taken in response to maintenance, rehabilitative, palliative and mental care. Certain problems have raised in this present health care in United States, like increased mortality and morbidity rate and decreased life expectations in human being. It is also noticed that rural areas are not getting proper treatment. To overcome this situation, this healthcare system should be designed in such a way that it should be associated with dispensing and sale of equipment, device or drug or equipment and other things to the prescription. The people, who will play vital roles in this healthcare system in the United States, are, federal, state, and local governments, insurance companies, employers, providers, consumers. It is very necessary to understand their roles. Role of federal, state, and local governments: In this newly designed healthcare system, the role of the federal, state, and local governments will be played in such a way, that the rural and undeveloped areas can get more health facilities. This change can be done in various ways, through influencing or determining key system components, like, provider and information infrastructures, quality of care, insurance coverage etc. This influences these components in their roles as conveners, collaborators, planners, analysts, regulators and purchasers as well as providers of technical and information assistance (Zimlichman et al., 2013). In spite of their activity, there is a little systematic effort to spread innovations, learn from their choices and to monitor states in between states and local areas. The federal government will play the central role in the healthcare sector. To increase the level of the quality of the organization, the federal government has to peruse consistent practices and policies and common aims for the advanc ement in rural healthcare functions. The federal government will utilize the advantages of its position as sponsor of applied health services, health care provider, health care purchaser and regulator. The role of insurance companies: Generally, the insurance companies financially support the demands of the healthcare organization. It also helps the patients to get financial support to carry the high expenses of any treatment (Berwick Hackbarth, 2012). This healthcare system will be designed in such a way that along with the local patients, the rural people and the families with more unemployed members will get the insurance facility. The insurance companies will focus on children and older people. The role of employers: Employers will play a vital role in this newly designed healthcare system for their employees through their decisions, their negotiations with health plans and direct efforts to institute system change related to the layout of the health benefits (Burwell, 2015). Employers can provide certain facilities, like incentives to the employees in critical care. The employers of the new health care system can also arrange for health camps in the area to provide most advanced treatment. In recent stability in healthcare, employers are showing concerns to employees about managing the care through less structured managed care plans. It offers out-of-network options or broader networks to providers. The role of providers: Any healthcare system is incomplete without the providers. There are many providers, who have great impacts in the healthcare system, like, drug suppliers, medical instrument suppliers, investors, etc. In the new healthcare system, the drug suppliers will be asked to provide more advanced drugs in low cost (Dubberke Olsen, 2012). It will help the people to get the treatment in minimal costs. The medical instrument suppliers will help this healthcare system through supplying the more advanced robotic instruments. The robotic instruments will lower down the manual effort. The Administrative health care providers will make an environment that shows response towards health care needs of the community. They also make connections between insurance companies and patients for payments and billing. The role of the consumers: The consumers will play a significant role in the health care system. They should considerably augment their influence on quality. In this designed plan, consumers are expected to decide among a various health plans. In most of the cases, consumers are not captivating on all of the behaviors expected of them. Consumers are expected to assume more duties for their lifestyles and behaviors (Legido-Quigley et al., 2013). They can also be active participants in the decision making process regarding the medical treatments. Moreover, it has been identified that consumers can be one of the best elements for improving functioning of the healthcare market place. The payment system: The payment system in the healthcare should be aligned in a way that equal value can be distributed among the patients. More focus will be given to the rural people in payment system through providing free of cost treatment. The proposed healthcare model should pay certain values and acknowledgment to improve and bring about renovation in the healthcare system. Firstly, the healthcare professionals should be provided with incentives and reimbursement. Secondly, the health outcomes should be improved and service provided should be cheap (Chow et al., 2012). The affected cost barriers should be removed. There is a need to construct and design the principles of the value-based bundled payments to treat patients with the specific medical condition, and it covers all the drugs, procedures, tests, and services. The advantage: The new healthcare model would be designed in such a way that it would benefit the patient by their service and high quality treatment. The new model would implement new robotic tools and technologies for providing better treatment (Berwick Hackbarth, 2012). The health professionals employed would be given proper training. The management team would be highly skilled in monitoring the discrepancies in the system. It will also provide the treatment to the patients after staying in home. Moreover, the healthcare system should work in collaboration with the government to get better funding and support. Criticism: The most significant criticism the opponents would be a matter related to insurance. The United States does not guarantee health coverage for any individual (Zimlichman et al., 2013). Thus, this can be a question raised. Moreover, the high cost of the treatment can be questioned by the critics regarding the medical treatments. Other criticism can be the treatment of the caregivers to the older patients. Sometimes, the caregivers couldnt provide proper care to the older patients during their hospital stay. Answering the criticisms: The competitors or the critics would have a lot of question-related to the medical facility and services. The answer to such questions would include that highly used technology, and diverse medical services would be the reason for the high cost (Burwell, 2015). The treatment requires the devotion of a lot of time and use of potential tools required an investment of huge money. Thus, the service is costly. The criticisms can be avoided through meetings and gatherings. The communication and sharing thoughts can minimize the problems, which will automatically lower down the criticism. It is estimated that U.S. spent more than $8,608 on healthcare per capita. The demands of the healthcare system are increasing on a daily basis. Now days, the healthcare systems are becoming more web oriented. This existed healthcare system in U.S. has certain problems. Therefore, it is estimated that, the newly designed healthcare system with above-mentioned changes can provide most advanced treatment to the patients. References: Berwick, D. M., Hackbarth, A. D. (2012). Eliminating waste in US health care.Jama,307(14), 1513-1516. Burwell, S. M. (2015). Setting value-based payment goalsHHS efforts to improve US health care.N Engl J Med,372(10), 897-899. Chow, F. C., Regan, S., Feske, S., Meigs, J. B., Grinspoon, S. K., Triant, V. A. (2012). Comparison of ischemic stroke incidence in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients in a US health care system.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999),60(4), 351. Dubberke, E. R., Olsen, M. A. (2012). Burden of Clostridium difficile on the healthcare system.Clinical infectious diseases,55(suppl 2), S88-S92. Legido-Quigley, H., Otero, L., la Parra, D., Alvarez-Dardet, C., Martin-Moreno, J. M., McKee, M. (2013). Will austerity cuts dismantle the Spanish healthcare system?.Bmj,346. Zimlichman, E., Henderson, D., Tamir, O., Franz, C., Song, P., Yamin, C. K., ... Bates, D. W. (2013). Health careassociated infections: a meta-analysis of costs and financial impact on the US health care system.JAMA internal medicine,173(22), 2039-2046.

Political Philosophy US Declaration of Independence

Introduction Legitimate political authority is that which is derived from the consent given by the people to be governed. This is based on Locke’s explanation in which he applies the social contract technique. The authority may, however, be withdrawn when a state interferes with or reduces the freedom to be enjoyed by subjects (Mukherjee Ramaswamy 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Philosophy: US Declaration of Independence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the assumption of legitimate political power, a state has the right to develop laws and measures to be used for the purpose of controlling and conserving individual or public property. In certain instances, the state may use the community to ensure that stipulated laws are well respected and adhered to for the sake of every person. Typically, legitimate political power is controlled by trust and the entire community is expected to play a big role in stipulating the intentions. Freedom and Nature of Political Authority Generally, the legitimacy of any state has to do with the right the state has to control its subjects (Corbett 2009, p. 45). This right and its correlative obligations constitute a special moral relationship between the state and each individual who consents. In Lockean’s view, the justification of a state ultimately gives us moral reasons to refrain from undermining it. Ordinarily, it gives subjects moral reasons to positively support the state or perhaps promote the existence of similar states. Seemingly, justice and happiness of others look like ends that may require positive promotion by all moral agents. However, the justification of a state in this manner cannot form the basis of any special moral relationship between it and its subjects. Ordinarily, no single individual can be made to succumb to another without his or her own consent (Simmons 2001, p. 129). Ostensibly, the legitimacy of political power springs from the morals that often exist in societies. Subjects, therefore, have a moral duty to obey. However, Locke also offers a different and quite general argument for the moral and prudential preferences of states ruled by the limited governments to life in the state of nature (Jahanbegloo 2004, p. 32). This argument is plainly addressed to those who maintain that the state in any form is morally or prudentially inferior to life without the state.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, state legitimacy is the logical correlation of various obligations, including the subjects’ political obligations. A state’s legitimacy right is in part a right held specifically against the subjects bound by any state imposed duties arising from morally significant relations (Rawls 2009, p. 23). It follows, therefore, that state legitimacy may be comp lete or partial, depending on whether such relations hold with all or only with some of those against whom the state enforces the duties it imposes. By and large, governments can presumably be illegitimate even where the states they govern are not. According to Estlund (2012, p. 35), however, state and legitimacy seem not to be independent of one another, since an illegitimate state could not have a legitimate government. Arguably, states earn their legitimacy by virtue of the consent of their members. This consent empowers a central authority to create a viable political society for the benefit of everyone. The fact that a state is legitimate with respect to a subject typically results in the subject having feelings, beliefs, or attitudes that generate allegiance and support. It is important to note that a state may actually be legitimate with respect to its subjects without receiving much or any support from the subjects. This is, however, pegged on the fact that subjects may be s ufficiently immoral, deceived, stupid, overwhelmed, weak-willed, or manipulated. As noted by Simmons (2001, p. 134), it is correct and perfectly natural to say that a state is legitimate, but unstable, unpopular, or unsupported. When people fail to uphold a state due to their own shortcomings rather than to its lack of moral authority, this cannot reasonably be described as a reduction of its legitimacy. It is a mistake, then, to focus in an account of state legitimacy on the attitudes of subjects or on the capacity of a state to produce or sustain these attitudes. This is insofar as it is the positive attitudes and beliefs of subjects that reliably produce their compliance with and support for states or regimes, instead of the nature of those actual relations with the state that obligate them to support it and give it the right to rule them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Political Philosophy: US Declaration of Independence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to explain the origin of political power, Locke began with a description of the state of nature (Nyquist 2013, p. 51). Without being compelled by anyone or getting pressure from any external source, individuals became political subjects by choice. Despite the existence of a political society, individuals were still allowed the right to privacy. This dichotomy between the state and society, and between the private and public, was fundamental to Locke’s theorizing. Since then, it has become an integral part of the Western intellectual tradition. Locke rejected Filmer’s biblical account of the origins of political power without abandoning religious foundations. His theory rested on a firm and explicit moral relationship between the human being and God. Locke saw this shared duty to God to preserve one’s self as part of God’s creation as the basic moral law of nature, which existed in the pre-political order or the state of nature. He tried to show that political power could be understood only if it was derived from a state in which all individuals were perfectly free to do, with regard to their person and possessions, what they thought fit within the bounds of the laws of nature. Locke was quite categorical that God had made everything for subsistence and not for waste (Mukherjee Ramaswamy 2001). Locke further argued that an individual’s life was not his own, but was given by God as a trust, meaning that human being have no right to destroy or kill themselves. They are not permitted to destroy, kill, rob, or enslave other beings who are considered equal in the presence of God. In Locke’s arguments, political authority, like all moral claims, is ultimately based on religious obligations, which are the source of all morality. Although his arguments are politically radical, they are quite far from being secular. Unlike Hobbes who argued for an unlimited right of natur e that each individual can claim, Locke stresses on a natural duty of self preservation owed to God for having created us (Hobbes et al. 1999). Certainly, this duty rules out conflict, for not only do we need to preserve ourselves, but we also need to perceive the fact that we are all equal before God. As such, the state of nature is moral. For Locke, political authority is not mere power, but power with right.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This right can only be derived from an already existing right, and because individuals have no right to give away their duty to preserve themselves, they cannot morally or logically grant rightful power to an absolute authority. Locke considers any form of supreme power as being illegitimate, and sees the various arguments presented by Filmer’s as wrong and wicked. Generally, Locke’s description of the state of nature is not as gloomy and pessimistic as Hobbes’. The state of nature is not of license, for though the individual is free from any superior power, he or she is still subject to the laws of nature. The laws of nature are known to human beings through the power of reason, which directs them towards their proper interests. Besides natural rights, human beings also have natural duties to discharge. Liberty, for Locke, is not the freedom to do what one chooses, but to act within the bounds of the laws of nature. Freedom presupposes order and is possible onl y within a framework of law. To a very extent, law helps to keep individuals from being subject to the arbitrary will of others. Natural rights act as constraining factors on the powers of the state, once these are established through a contract between individuals. In Locke’s view, personal independence and freedom are fundamental human rights. No one has a right to coerce or dominate another person in the state of nature (Locke 1996, p. 26). Everyone has an equal right to his or her natural freedom without being subjected to the will or authority of any other individual. In his clarification, Locke argues that the laws of nature are those that are dictated by reason. Since rights and duties are derived from the laws of nature, the most important of these is the right to hold others responsible for a breach of law and to punish them accordingly. Although Locke categorically rejects the right of a person to kill one’s self, he grants the right to inflict penalties, inc luding death penalty, on those who violate the laws in general. Locke explicitly rejects the right of the individual to commit suicide and murder. As noted by Ward (2010, p. 105), the compulsion to constitute a civil society is to protect and preserve freedom and to enlarge it. The state of nature is one of liberty and equality, but it is also one where peace is not secure, being constantly upset by the corruption and viciousness of degenerate men. Apparently, it lacks three important wants. First, there is the want of an established, settled, known law. There is also the want of a known and indifferent judge, and finally, the want of an executive power to enforce just decisions. Through the state of nature, Locke tries to explain the meaning and importance of authority, namely that human beings came together to ensure the observance of the laws of nature, to guarantee the greater possibility of impartiality in the implementation and execution of rules that govern common life, and t hereby increase the chance of peace that impartiality entails. Locke brings out the perils of human partiality, and how absolute power makes partiality potentially dangerous (Grant 2010, p. 63). Flattery and servility only makes it worse. He recognized the tremendous potentiality of power for making human life better, but fears that it has to be entrusted only to those who are responsible towards those on whom it is exercised. Ostensibly, most societies are based on force rather than right (Mack 2009, p. 16). Political authority is a trust, and if the terms of the trust are violated, the community has the right to take remedial measures in order to preserve itself. It is on these grounds that he objects Hobbes’ argument that only total order can provide for commodious living. It does not seem credible that people who do not trust one another can entrust an all powerful sovereign to safeguard their interests. He found it objectionable that there are no safety measures against potential violence and oppression of absolute authority. Through a contract, individuals consent to submit to the majority rule and organize themselves as a community or civil society. They surrender their powers partially, namely the three specific rights and constitute the natural right to enforce the laws of nature. Once a civil society is established, the individuals establish a government to act as a judge in the nature of a fiduciary power for promoting certain ends. Conclusion As can be deduced from the preceding discussion, Locke advocates for a limited sovereign state. Certainly, reason and experience have taught him that political absolutism is untenable. Describing the characteristics of a good state, Locke says that it exists for those who form it, and not the vice versa. It has to be based on the consent of the people subject to the constitution and the rule of law. It is limited in two ways. First, its powers are derived from the people and are held in trust and, secon dly, it is subject to natural laws and individual rights. Reference List Corbett, RJ 2009, The Lockean Commonwealth, State University of New York, Albany. Estlund, D 2012, The Oxford Handbook of Political Philosophy, Oxford University Press, New York. Grant, RW 2010, John Locke’s Liberalism, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Hobbes, T, John, B, Vere, C 1999, Hobbes and Bramhall on Liberty and Necessity, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. Jahanbegloo, R 2004, Iran: Between Tradition and Modernity, Lexington Books, Oxford, UK. Locke, J 1996, Some Thoughts Concerning Education: And, Of the Conduct of the Understanding, Hackett Publishing, Indianapolis, Indiana. Mack, E 2009, John Locke, Continuum International Publishing Group, New York, NY. Mukherjee, S Ramaswamy, S 2004, History Of Political Thought A: Plato To Marx, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India. Nyquist, M 2013, Arbitrary Rule: Slavery, Tyranny, and the Power of Life and Death, University of Chicago P ress, Chicago. Rawls, J 2009, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Simmons, AJ 2001, Justification and Legitimacy: Essays on Rights and Obligations, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. Ward, L 2010, John Locke and Modern Life, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. This essay on Political Philosophy: US Declaration of Independence was written and submitted by user Paige Key to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Representation of the Past With Examples of the Present essays

Representation of the Past With Examples of the Present essays Boxer, Moses, and Muriel were very important and symbolic characters in Animal Farm, an insightful novel written by George Orwell. George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Blair, the son of a colonial official in British India. Blair was a very well educated boy that sometimes felt miserable because of the economic status that divided him and most of his friends. He wrote Animal Farm which is a novel about some revolting animals that each symbolizes an important political figure of the Russian revolution. Boxer was a horse that symbolized the uneducated working class at that time because he would just agree with Napoleon, or the government. Boxer followed all the laws and did all his duties correctly. Moses was a raven that represented the clergy during the Russian Revolution. He was always teaching the people about this mysterious land named Sugar Candy Mountain. It was a place of happiness where you would go after you died. Muriel was another important character who represented the e ducated working class. She was one of the few animals that could read and actually understood what the government would propose to animal farm. The educated, the uneducated, and the powerful were all part of a society in which too much success and conflict led to failure. Failure is what Boxer fights against. He shows this in his motto where he says, I will work harder and Napoleon is always right (75). In this passage Boxer states that he will work harder for his country and that Napoleon, or the government is always right. It also makes the reader realize that he is uneducated and represents the uneducated working class. This uneducated working class would work too much and earn too little and wouldnt oppose the government like in this quote when he says, If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right. (70). Even though Boxer would follow all the governments orders, Napoleon used him and later sends him ...

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Marketing Management Strategic Issues Blue Dart Express

Marketing Management Strategic Issues Blue Dart Express On a beautiful sunny afternoon in April 2012, Ketan Kulkarni, Vice President and Head of Blue Darts Marketing, Corporate Communication Sustainability division, was waiting in the plush conference room of Blue Darts head office in Mumbai. As he waited for Tulsi Mirchandaney, Managing Director and Accountable Manager for Blue Dart Aviation, he once again looked at the notes on proposed future plans of marketing strategy and wondered whether the companys plans to address the intense competition will be enough to meet 2012s target. Looking outside through the clear windowpanes, Ketan thought about remarkable journey of Blue Dart. Blue Dart was the leading express company in India, engaged in door to door pick up and distribution of packages, documents, and shipments in India and overseas. From its inception in 1984, in its first decade Blue Dart became the dominant player in the courier industry and in the next decade it surpassed all the competition and became South Asias premier number one express company in air and integrated transportation, distribution and logistics. In India, Blue Dart was the only company providing an array of services in air express (both domestic and international through DHL), air freight, ground and charters. It was a one stop solution for any logistical requirement. Blue Dart enjoyed a 45.9% market share and gained a significant increase in both, volumes and value. In the ground segment, the company garnered a market share of 12.4%. Blue Dart not only offered secure and reliable delivery of consignments, but also managed to deliver impressively on the financial front with the help of its widespread infrastructure network and aggressive growth strategies. Rs.10 billion in annual revenues is a remarkable landmark for any logistics company. Blue Dart managed better, leaping over the 11-digit barrier to record Rs. 14.89 billion in top line during FY2011. The company was established with a vision to be the best and set the pace in the express air and integrated transportation and distribution industry, with a business and human conscience. A people-first company, Blue Dart continued to deliver value to its stakeholders through its people philosophy and corporate governance, based on distinctive customer service, business ethics, accountability and profitability. Blue Darts core competence lies in the business of superior express delivery services, maintaining reliability levels of 99.96%. With a dedicated air and ground network optimized by cutting-edge technology, Care Customer Addition, Retention Empathy summed up the marketing strategy of Blue Dart. Company History In November 1983, three young entrepreneurs, Clyde Cooper, Tushar Jani and Kushroo Dubash identified tremendous opportunities in Indias expanding exports market and came up with an idea of delivering small packages and samples. On that date, Blue Dart was established in a space of 200 square feet under a staircase, with a capital of Rs. 30,000. Grit, determination and hard work would propel the fledgling from sorting and delivering a few dozen packages outside Mumbai airport on that first night, to handling nearly 200,000 shipments each day through rain, hail, earthquake and snow. In a study conducted by Dhristi Strategic Research Services in 2007, Blue Dart emerged as one of the strongest brands in India with amongst the highest top of mind recall. In its early days, Blue Dart forged ties with Gelco Express International, UK to introduce an international air package express service from India and thus enhance the value offered to its customers. In 1993, foreseeing the potential in I ndia, Blue Dart decided to shift focus from international to domestic service. It went on to become the first Indian courier company to conceptualise domestic on-board couriers with a guaranteed 10:30 am delivery to major metros. In 1994, the company went public with an IPO of 2.55 million shares. In the same year Blue Dart launched its multi-modal, premium package delivery service DartApexà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (Air Package Express) and COSMATIIà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, an advanced tracking and ERP system that redefined the industry. In that year, too, Blue Dart Aviation, a 100% subsidiary of Blue Dart Express, was incorporated and became the first private company to receive government approval for the operation of cargo aircraft in the country. In 1995, Blue Dart Aviation acquired two B737 aircraft and developed SMART (Space Management Allocation Reservations and Tracking), the first cargo reservations systems in India. The following year, Blue Dart launched the first jet express airline and also became the first express company to receive an ISO: 9001 Certification. 1995 was also momentous because in that year Blue Dart crossed Rs. 100 crore (US$ 25 million) in turnover for the first time. 1997 witnessed the launch of domestic charter operations and the signing of interline agreements with international airlines for distribution of bonded cargo within Blue Darts network. Today, these have extended to 26 operators and include bonded warehousing and transhipment facilities. In 1998, the company developed Indias first Load and Trim software for its aircraft, reducing handling time by 80%. In 1999, Blue Dart moved to its state-of-the art administrative, technology and operations Super hub and Headquarters, the Blue Dart Centre, in Mumbai. In 2001, a third Boeing 737 was added to the Blue Dart fleet. A year later, Blue Dart entered into a sales alliance with global leader DHL Express Worldwide. Today, DHL owns 81.03% stake in the company. In 2002, Blue Dart was re-certified as one of a handful of Indian companies to the new global ISO 9001 2000 standards for Design, management and operations of countrywide express transportation and distribution service within the Indian Subcontinent and to international destinations serviced through multinational express companies. Blue Dart signed a path-breaking Sales Alliance with the Worlds No. 1 international air express company, DHL Worldwide Express. Blue Dart also crossed 1,00,000 shipments per day. The fourth aircraft joined the fleet in 2004 and Blue Dart became the first private operator in India to receive approval from the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) for undertaking heavy maintenance D-checks on its aircraft. Two B757 freighters the first in the Indian skies joined the Blue Dart fleet in 2006. In an effort to fortify its unique capability of offering the entire gamut of end-to end distribution solutions, Blue Dart launched its ground express service Dart Surface Line in September 2007 and inducted the third B757 freighter. By 2011, Blue Darts infrastructure comprised a fleet of three Boeing 737 and four Boeing 757 freighters operating each night to the 7 main metros in India and offering a revenue payload of over 370 tonnes per night. It owns a flotilla of over 6,272 vehicles, 365 facilities including 7 aviation hubs and bonded warehouses, 56 domestic warehouses and 12 express hubs delivering excellence. Current Operations Blue Dart is the largest player in the domestic segment of documents and non-documents with 26 per cent market share in terms of tonnage. In terms of overall (domestic plus overseas) market share, it is the largest express company in India with a share of about 45.9 per cent. The company had a turnover of Rs 14.89 billion in 2011 and has had an annual growth rate of about 50 per cent while the industry growth rate has been hovering around 35 per cent. Table 1 presents the breakup of revenues and costs for the year 2010-11 (see Exhibit 1). Administratively, the company is organized into regional centres at six major cities namely, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, and Calcutta. Each regional centre is responsible for a number of branch locations under which there are area locations. The company currently employees around 7,800 people. Each major branch has a team of operations personnel who manage the entire network, transportation and tracking of shipments. They also liaison with airline and transportation agencies and take care of scheduling out-bound couriers. Other responsibilities of the operations department include routing, sorting, security checking, fleet management, and customer billing. Commercial functions like finance and marketing are centralized at the head office in Mumbai. Its international out-bound gateways function at Dubai, Singapore, London, and Mumbai. The in-bound international gateway is at Mumbai which receives packages from London, Frankfurt, Singapore, and Dubai. The Company offers secure and reliable delivery of consignments to over 35,902 locations in India and to over 220 countries and territories worldwide through its integrated air support and ground network group company DHL Express. In 2011, Blue Dart operates through 1,342,677 sq. ft. of facilities and carried over 988.5 lacs domestic shipments and over 8 lacs international shipments weighing over 423,000 tonnes. The core function of Blue Dart is the physical transportation of a shipment from its origin to the destination which is performed by the operations department. The distribution system follows the hub-and-spoke concept, i.e., shipments picked up at a particular origin location are transported to the nearest hub, which in turn routes these shipments to the hub to which the destination location is attached. The destination hub routes the shipment to the specific destination location where the staff deliver the shipment to the consignee. (see Exhibit 2) The Express Industry Addressing a changing market The express industry is a key enabler in facilitating trade and commerce because of the time-sensitive nature of most goods and the increasing demand for reliability, efficiency and speed. The opportunities are aplenty for the express industry in India as the current logistics spend in India is 13% of the GDP compared to a notably lesser percentage of the same in more developed economies. The need for the highest levels of efficiencies still exists. The demand for express services is surging with each passing year and customer expectations have also risen tremendously. Today, the Indian express industry provides integrated, value-added, time-bound, door-to-door delivery of documents, parcels and merchandise. It supports industries such as electronics, telecommunication, IT, banking, retail, auto-components, textiles and apparels, gems and jewellery and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, with India recognized as an outsourcing destination, manufacturing sectors such as textiles, automobiles and pharmaceuticals are likely to witness increased activities in the medium to long term. In order to maintain competitiveness, companies operating in these industries are expected to outsource their logistics requirements to third-party logistics service providers and concentrate on their core-competency of manufacturing and marketing. Besides, the opening up of banking, insurance, telecom and retail sectors would boost the demand for value-added express services in India, as these are major user industries. Anil Khanna, managing director, Blue Dart, conveyed the same sentiment. In his opinion, the growth in the Indian economy and the overall economic scenario, fuelled primarily by domestic consumption, is promising. The Indian economy is poised to record robust growth between 8 and 9 per cent in the financial year 2011-12, the Indian express industry is expected to register double-digit growth over the next few years. This in itself is a strong indicator of the potential of the express industry. The organised domestic air express market is pegged at around ` 1,500 crore, which grew at a CAG R of 7-8 per cent in the last five years, while the domestic organised ground express market is pegged at around 1,700 crore, which grew at a CAGR of 14-15 per cent in the last 5 years, Khanna pointed out. Blue Dart is in the process of rolling out several sector-specific, innovative products and services in a phased manner, in line with specific needs and requirements of different industries. These products provide the much-required flexibility to the shipper and consignee. Some recent additions to the companys product portfolio include Express Pallet, Smart Box: Ground Express, Time Definite Delivery, etc. In its journey of last 20 years, Blue Dart had evolved from a being a document centric service to a critically supply chain support service in. The annual turnover of express industry in India was estimated to be Rs 8000 million in 1994-95. The industry players can be categorized into (i) organized sector, accounting for 50 per cent market share, (ii) EMS Speed Post, accounting for 6.5 per cent, and (iii) the unorganized sector, making up the remaining 43 per cent. The courier industry in India has expanded its horizon to provide a wider range of services. Whereas it started initially as a service provider for the document and samples demand of industry, it is now viewed as an important part of the supply chain for industries, which demand speed, reliability, security and just-in-time distribution, Though this market is still in its infancy in India, it is growing Tulsi Mirchandaney, Senior Vice President, Marketing and Projects Competitive edge: Building IT for Business Agility Companys information technology infrastructure remains one of its key differentiators and enabler to values. Blue Dart was always in the forefront of technology and its technology innovations have played a key role in the companys premium positioning and in bringing global standards to the Indian customers doorstep. Blue Dart has become an important part of the supply chain of many companies by providing integrated services. Blue Darts in-house IT team has constantly developed technology solutions over the past seventeen years. Such has been the ramifications of these offerings that more than 79% of Blue Darts regular customers use it actively. These Home grown innovations include COSMAT IIà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (the tracking and ERP system), TrackDartà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (monitoring shipment status), MailDartà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (tracking shipments over e-mail), InternetDartà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (memory bank for shipments), PackTrackà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (tracking software for medium and large customers), ShopTrackà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (tracking and CRM tool for e-business portals), ImageDartà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (online download of proof of delivery challans/documents, to speed up the customers bill process, waybill issuance capability, customer directory, data upload and download of tracking information). The company also provides e conomical packaging that facilitates customers sending documents at a price that includes door-to-door delivery service within India. These innovation solutions have enabled the weaving of thoughtful information management to the logistics business. With this advanced technology support Blue Dart delivers door-to-door to over 13,000 locations in the country with an in-house team of experts to handle inter-state regulatory requirements. Quality levels are at 99.95% and are monitored daily. No one else in the country offers this kind of integrated delivery capability. Marketing Strategies A combination of new product launches and tactical shift in focus across sectors helped Blue Dart register growth in spite of an overall slowdown in the economy. For instance, in order to lessen the impact of the slowdown in client verticals such as automobile and realty, it consciously improved its focus on sectors such as health sciences and the spare parts segment of the auto sector. It also built on its exposure to high-growth segments such as e-commerce and SMEs and high-growth potential Tier-II and III cities this year. These put together helped the company grow its revenues and profits by about 34 per cent and 42 per cent in the nine-months ended September 2011. On various other fronts the company has provided following marketing strategies. Offerings Blue Dart has a range of products and services that can be customised to address individual requirements. Blue Darts core business is domestic door-to-door and integrated (air and ground) express distribution. Each product has been developed with a customer centric approach. A combination of the right product mix and price has helped Blue Dart build a strong brand loyalty over the years. The products are ably supported by cutting-edge technologies. Blue Dart offers express, air freight, ocean freight, supply chain solutions, customs clearance, project handling, freight forwarding, and charters through its synergies with the three DHL Business Units DHL Express, DHL Global Forwarding and DHL Exel Supply Chain. The express services offer domestic priority for non-commercial domestic documents and small packages under 32 kilos. Dart Apexà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ is a door-to-door, time-definite, supply chain and logistics distribution service for commercial shipments that require regulatory clearance. Smart Box is the convenient door-to-door service for cargo in two sizes 10 kilos and 25 kilos. Freight services include domestic, early morning airport-to-airport deliveries to the seven metros Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad and Hyderabad serviced by Blue Dart aircraft. Charters offer palletised capacity for carriage of urgent and large volumes to eighteen airports in India and four international airports in the region. Blue Dart, in line with its focus on innovation, has also introduced several customised products -Rakhi Express and Student Express, for instance designed to meet specific needs. A recent addition to Blue Darts product portfolio is Import Express. It is the only service of its kind in India and offers door-to-door facility for importing shipments from over 200 countries. Services Blue Dart offers a range of services: Domestic Priority a fast reliable service for non-commercial documents and non-documents. Dart Apex to support reliable commercial distribution and supply chain requirements. Dart Surfaceline a reliable and secure surface option, and an airport to airport option which includes charter of our aircraft for large volumes and urgent shipments. Some of the best services offered by this company are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Free computerized proof of delivery à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Real Time tracking à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regulatory clearance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Free pick up from the location of the customer How does your service differ from competition? What added advantages do you provide your clients and what kind of message do you aim to send across? Blue Dart offer Solutions for Peace of Mind, and it has built extensively to deliver on that promise. Blue Dart are the only express cargo airline in the country today focused on handling packages. Connecting with Customers In an overcrowded, cluttered world, brand Blue Dart has exploited every opportunity to stand out. The core focus has been on strengthening customer relationship and on making more effective use of the 4800 plus vehicles as mobile touch points. Blue Dart constantly rolls out promotions for its customers to keep them updated on our various offerings. Apart from this, the company keeps on introducing several sector-specific, innovative products and services in a phased manner, in line with specific needs and requirements of different industries like BFSI, Pharmaceuticals, IT, Consumer Durables, FMCG, Automotive, Retail, Textiles, Telecommunications etc. The new initiatives will upgrade the product range and improve service quality, thereby offering customers state-of-the-art air and ground express solutions across the country. These products provide the much-required flexibility to the shipper and consignee. The most used features are real time tracking and Money Back Guarantee (MBG) offered on specific shipments. Company had a dedicated team of specialists who provide the expertise for customs as well as regulatory clearances at all States within the country, to support seamless service to the customer. India is known for its huge section of middle-class buyers. Blue Darts offerings though known to be reliable, are available at a higher price bracket. Isnt this an awkward pricing strategy for the Indian market Considering the fast paced, dynamic lifestyles our customers lead, Blue Dart deliver shipments as well as peace of mind. For our customers, aspects like service quality, consistency, responsiveness and reliability are of paramount importance because these dimensions directly impact their business outcomes. These values make excellent attributes to building a trusted brand. When our customers experience optimal service with Blue Dart, they do not mind paying a premium for our products. Customers Growth Strategy Our growth drivers are multi-dimensional but well defined. Blue Dart will be focusing on existing customers to scale our existing relationship with select high potential clients by offering them a lot more than what Blue Dart have been traditionally offering them. This will not only lead to revenue enlargement, but also give us an army of loyal customers. Positioning Designed to enhance the reliability of our operations and process efficiency, and add value to the customer through time and cost savings. The only one of its kind in the country today, that is focused on carriage of packages as its prime business, rather than as a by-product of a passenger airline. A dedicated aviation system to support Blue Darts services is self-sustaining, with its own bonded warehouses, ground handling and maintenance capability. Blue Dart envisioned itself as a warehouse in the sky creating a niche segment in supply chains that demand critical deliveries, low inventories and reliable and timely distribution. A strategic product mix, optimum utilization of aircraft space and committed people delivering at high reliability levels, Blue Dart is now strategically positioned as the market leader in the air express segment. Blue Darts competitive advantage lies in its vast and unparalleled Domestic Network Linked by some of the most advanced communications systems and positioned to offer a consistent, premium, standardized quality of service. Blue Dart is the only express carrier in the country today which offers an entire range of services that extend from a document to a charter-load of shipments Blue Dart has the only dedicated logistics infrastructure in the country today to provide a variety of logistics solutions for its customers. Blue Dart have an aviation system with an in-house ground handling and maintenance capability to provide confirmed uplift. Blue Dart have invested extensively in technology, currently the most advanced in the he domestic courier industry, for integration, data flow and customer software for greater customer convenience and efficiency. Blue Dart have stringent security and quality norms, our integrated network has the widest reach and our people are skilled and committed professionals. When others in the domain were still trying to find their bearings Blue Dart had already envisioned itself as a warehouse in the sky. It created a palpable differential for itself by arrogating a niche and a hard-to-emulate segment in supply chain management that demanded critical deliveries, low inventories and reliable and timely distribution. Your Company has been able to differentiate itself and has achieved scalability due to its focus on technology right from the early stages of its business. It is reflected in the way the Company moves its products, in a manner which is more cost-effective, more fuel-efficient and more environment friendly. Building strong brand Logistics or Couriers is a service industry where the service is the brand. The attributes of the product are not physically apparent. Demystifying each product to the customer and demonstrating, in simple terms, real benefits meaningful to him, therefore, assumes greater importance. This means translating each customer contact point into an experience representative of the brand. People who serve take on the mantle of the brand as opposed to an FMCG where you would buy your preferred cake of soap regardless of where or how it is served. Promotion Blue Dart is not known to be aggressive advertiser, but as aggressive marketer. Blue Dart has tried to focus on the total customer experience the brand tangibles such as the retail outlets (service counters), vehicles, signages, etc, as well as the intangibles at the customer contact point. Blue Dart has emphasized that the personal touch is essential and thus has also strengthened the areas of customer care centres. Even its TV commercials and print ads try to connect emotionally with customers. Blue Darts promotion method is to create a strong emotional connect with customers, in order to achieve brand strength, saliency and equity. Blue Darts prime communication vehicle is PR land direct mailers, with support from a large sales force across the country to directly engage the customer. Brand Values Blue Dart has always made a conscious effort to create a bond with its customers. Perhaps, because of this, the brand has, today, become synonymous with value, quality, speed, efficiency, responsiveness and service excellence. Financial credibility Fitch Ratings India Pvt. Ltd. has assigned the highest F1+ (Ind)[F one plus (Ind)] rating for their short term debt programme of Rs. 30crores. Further, ICRA Ltd. has also assigned the highest A1+ (pronouncedA one plus) Rating for their Commercial Paper Programme of Rs. 25 crores. New Areas Detecting opportunities vertical wise has helped us device sector specific solutions and this has helped the overall growth strategy of the Company, to a great extent. Demand for streamlined supply chains from the auto, pharma, hitech and retail sectors is expected to drive growth for us. Blue Dart perceive SMEs as an emerging opportunity and efforts have been underway to tap this segment across industry verticals, aggressively. In terms of new customers, tapping new geographies and segments continues to be our key focus area. New Products A combination of the right product mix and price has helped Blue Dart build strong brand loyalty over the years. Launching new products has been our response to any opportunity sensed in a new geography and new industry verticals. This approach has borne fruit. It pleases me to inform you that Blue Dart have successfully launched 25 new services since 2008. Some of our success stories in the Air Express segment include Time Definite Solutions (Domestic Priority 1030, Domestic Priority 1200, Dart Apex 1200) and Day Definite Solutions (Domestic Priority, Dart Apex, Dart Surfaceline). Packaging Solutions include Express Pallet: Air and Ground, Smart Box Air and Ground. The Company also offers Cargo Solutions like Airport to Airport, Interline and Charters besides offering Festive Solutions and discounted Student Solutions. Solutions like Temperature Controlled Logistics (TCL), Dart Surfaceline Plus, Point to Point (P2P) and a host of value added services like Demand Draft on Delivery (DOD), Freight on Demand (FOD), Freight on Value (FOV), Cash on Delivery (COD) etc. represent our tailor made services for specific industry requirements. Blue Dart will continue to focus on reach expansion, transit time improvements, small town (Tier-II and III) activation and strengthening channels. The strategy is in place to strengthen market share and deliver the Blue Dart promise. Achievements Attaining such stunning success wasnt easy. Along the way, Blue Dart endured formidable challenges and took bold steps to protect its hard-fought territorial gains. The list of awards and accolades is endless for Blue Dart. It has achieved many awards in all sectors such as Brand / Customer Service / Retail / Loyalty, Human Resources, Sustainability and Individual Blue Darts services have been recognized and rewarded time and again. Blue Dart was selected as a Business Superbrand from over 1,699 brands and received the Readers Digests Most Trusted Brand Award, for three years in a row and has been listed twice in the Dun Bradstreet top 500 companies in India. Blue Dart has been awarded the NDTV Business Leadership Award 2008 and the Asia Brand Congress Brand Leadership Award 2008. An Indian company benchmarked to international standards, Blue Dart has been recognised as one of the best and has been listed among the top 500 companies in India by Dun Bradstreet. Blue Darts aviation arm received the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) Cargo Airline of the Year Merit Award in 2006. In the following year, Blue Dart was declared the Best Cargo Airline at the Express, Logistics and Supply Chain conclave. Over the years Blue Dart ha achieved SUPERBRAND Status, 6 times in a row, Pursuing Business growth and Expansion Blue Dart already has an aggressive market share plans which aim to increase its market share both in air and ground express divisions. For this, Blue Dart will have to grow faster than the industry. Blue dart has already identified some growth levers. One of these is adding lot of new products. The company has been regularly introducing new products such as the latest Go Green carbon neutral service and it intends to continue. The other growth lever is the sectoral focus there are certain sectors that do not get impacted by a slowdown sectors like health sciences and the spare parts segment of the auto sector. Third, Blue Dart is focussing on verticals which are high-growth verticals like e-commerce, where in it is targeting a large market share. Moreover, the company has also identified small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as another growth lever. For a company, which has probably focussed more on our large customers, SMEs thus offer an opportunity. Finally, the company is looking at geographic expansion. It intends to reach out to those towns and cities where it currently does not have any presence. Also, prior to this, in smaller cities, the company was more focussed on the in-bound side. It then realised that a lot of these tier-II and tier-III cities have a lot of out-bound potential. These provide additional opportunity for business expansion. Looking ahead Blue Dart Express net profit declines 19.47% in the March 2012 quarter Blue Dart faces the challenges of increase in fuel cost, inadequate infrastructure, and increasing competition. But of these the biggest challenges is Infrastructure of both air and surface. Space at airports, airside and city-side infrastructure are often inadequate. In addition, parking bays, air-side/city-side access and traffic congestion adversely impact costs as well as service quality. Air express companies are constrained by the sizes of the facilities at the airports, as they have remained the same while the loads have increased many folds. It is estimated that though 70% of the freight transportation in India is through roads, National Highways constitute merely 2% of the total road network in India. Fuel prices are also a concern. In an industry, where space is a highly perishable commodity, any disruption in services, due to either natural disasters or manufactured reasons, affects us adversely, as the days capacity inventory is lost forever. Exhibit Financial Summary of the last five years Particulars 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Income from Operati

Literary Minimalism and Jean François Lyotard :: Free Essays Online

Literary Minimalism and Jean Franà §ois Lyotard 1. Anne Beattie has been called a writer of minimalist fiction. Jean Franà §ois Lyotard’s theories concerning postmodern expression have many similarities to this style. In this paper some of Lyotard’s philosophical contributions to postmodernism will be presented as mission statements for, and/or an explanations of, the minimalist style. 2. First, minimalism as a style will be explained through examples from Anne Beattie’s story "Girl Talk" along with other commentary. To begin, minimalism, as Madison Smart Bell wrote . . . may fairly be described as a school because its representative work contains, as if by prescription, a number of specific elements: A trim, ‘minimal style, an obsessive concern for surface detail, a tendency to ignore or eliminate distinctions among the people it renders and a studiedly deterministic, at times nihilistic, vision of the world’ (Rebein 34). 3. Indeed, the minimalist style of writing is one that lacks distinct amounts of color. It is this tedious pen that writes stories such as "Girl Talk," by Anne Beattie, in which a pregnant woman narrates her experience at her boyfriend’s mother’s birthday party. The attention to surface detail that Bell notes can be seen Beattie’s almost page long description of each of the characters’ toes sitting at a table after dinner. The narrator describes each person in detail: "The twins that are not twins have baby toes that curl under" "Craig has square toenails" "Barbara has long toenails" (31). In this segment there does not seem to be anything below the surface --such as social commentary or opinion of humanity--just feet. This devotion to almost pointless description without commentary fits the minimalist style, as Robert Rebein says in his book Hicks, Tribes, and Dirty Realists that minimalism "is neither insightful nor even reasonably articulate" (37). 4. This lack of articulation can also be seen in the opening lines of the story, "Barbara is her chaise. Something is wrong with the pool. . ." (Beattie 28). These lines merely describe things lazily and without meaning, not even using the description that is devoted to toes later in the story. 5. Bell also mentions an aspect of nihilism in regard to minimalism. Among its definitions, Webster’s Dictionary defines nihilism as the belief that "all existence is senseless and there is no possibility of an objective basis for truth." This definition can be applied to minimalism in that the writing style never purports to reveal a truth about the world it creates.

Irish People and Father Flynn

In order to answer the broad question, the term ‘possibility’ will be analysed in the context of the characters of the texts and in the ‘possibility’ for their personal growth and opportunity for change, be it spiritual, physical or emotional. The essay will focus thematically on four chosen texts: James Joyce’s The Sisters and Langston Hughes’ poems I, too, New Yorkers and Harlem. Firstly this essay will analyse how the city of Dublin represented in The Sisters is shown, through Joyce’s literary devices, to both offer and restrict possibility for each of its central characters.Key themes identified will then be used as a basis for further analysis of how these themes are more widely represented within the selected New York poems to either confirm or refute Lehan’s statement that ‘The city both offers and restricts possibility’. Textual analysis of The Sisters reveals numerous literary devices that explicate the theme of the repression of possibility by the city of its people.Throughout, Joyce uses symbolism, metaphors, and ellipsis to emphasise his themes whilst allowing the reader to infer its meanings without the need to describe them explicitly. The italicised words ’paralysis’, ‘gnomon’ and ‘simony’ (page 1) is one such technique and immediately underscores the physical, spiritual and religious restrictions found within the story that Dubliners symbolises as a ‘paralysis’ (p1) of the city and its people.The story’s young, intelligent, and sensitive (unnamed) protagonist comes to experience first-hand the reality of paralysis and death: he achieves his desire to ‘look upon’ (p1) both the physical paralysis and death of Father Flynn, with whom he was ‘great friends’ (p2) and the more subtle psychological ‘paralysis’ of those around him – his Aunt, Uncle Jack, Eliza and Nanny Flynn and Mr Cotter. The story shows that the Dublin adults are mentally immobilised – metaphorically paralysed, by their conformity to the conventions of their city lives, for them, the beliefs of the Irish church is a given.Eliza, Cotter and the church men consider Flynn and not the church to be the cause of his predicament ‘the duties of the priesthood was too much for him’ (p9). They appear unable to acknowledge the truth of a priest ‘nearly smothered’ (p4) by his understanding of the demands of his – and their- church. The perceptive boy, finds the adults surrounding him ‘tiresome’ (p1) and notices how Nannie Flynn’s skirt was hooked ‘clumsily’ (p6).His judgemental and sometimes precocious style seems at times somewhat harsh ‘the old woman’s mutterings distracted me’ (p6) and his character seemingly reflects the ‘scrupulous’ nature of Father Flynn. The friendship between this fatherless boy and the priest also offered important possibilities for growth to our protagonist, he was taught ‘a great deal’ (p2) such as ‘how to pronounce Latin properly’, told stories ‘about Napoleon Bonaparte’ and was questioned until he ‘could make no answer’ (p6).This education, when contrasted to the ‘principle’ of education described by his Uncle as a ‘cold bath’ (p2), is something that, without Father Flynn, the boy might not have had access to. The question of whether, in the ‘sensation of freedom’ from (p4)Flynn’s death, the boy takes up this possibility for change or succumbs to the paralysis caused by the restrictions of the city is one which Joyce leaves unanswered. In the case of Father Flynn the city of Dublin both offered and restricted possibility.From a lower class upbringing in ‘Irishtown’ (p9) Flynn was able to travel to, and be educated in, ‘the Irish col lege in Rome’ (p5). Yet once he returned to the city and took up his post, he became the ‘disappointed’ (p9), Father Flynn who was paralysed by his ‘too scrupulous’ (p9) nature. Perhaps this is a reference to the potentially paralysing psychological disorder ‘scrupulosity’ which would explain his ‘nervous’ (p10) disposition and his failed attempts to perform his office – represented by the symbolic chalice that ‘contained nothing’ (p9) and the ‘idle chalice’ (p10) he ‘loosely retained’ (p6) in death.The story’s namesakes, the Flynn sisters, were perhaps the most restricted by their Dublin lives. Flynn’s economically and socially impoverished siblings lived with him in the ‘unassuming shop, registered under the vague name of Drapery’ (p3) have been forced to receive the debilitating legacy of a ‘truculent’ (p6) defector whose fortunes once t ook him to college in Rome. Their lack of education becomes apparent through Eliza’s malapropisms ‘freeman’s General’(p8) and ‘rheumatic wheels’ (p9) and the fact they remain unmarried is made clear through the address of ‘Miss Flynn’ (p8).The sacrifices the sisters made for their brother’s career within the Irish church, is clearly represented by the symbolic communion of sherry and cream crackers when they receive the boy and his Aunt into the death-room, all highlight the sacrifices they have made. Joyce does not veil his opinion that the Catholic Church is responsible for a large portion of Dubliner’s paralysis of will and also hints at another malefactor: England. The death notice on the door of the shop on ‘Great Britain Street’ (p3) states that the priest died on 1st July 1895.This date coincides with the Battle of the Boyne (1690) in which Catholic supporters of James II were defeated by William III in a defeat that ‘brought death to the Irish hopes for national and religious freedom. ’(Walzl, 1965, p45) . The date is also that of the Feast of the Most Precious Blood which is symbolic of Father Flynn, his strokes, the broken chalice and the communion served in the death-room. This analysis has demonstrated a number of themes in The Sisters that restrict (paralyse) the possibility of its characters growth, and fewer that display the offering.The paralysis of its character’s resolution for change, caused by the restrictions of the city, is a theme that is also echoed throughout the rest of Dubliners. Joyce presents the city as an ever present â€Å"channel of poverty and inaction† (p. 35) which often leads to a life of â€Å"commonplace sacrifices closing in final craziness† (p. 33). Trapped by poverty and political and religious repression, Joyce's citizens cannot summon  the hope or energy that Gallaher  from ‘A Little Cloudâ€⠄¢ did, to â€Å"revolt against the dull inelegance† of the city (p. 68). However, Joyce's portrait of Dublin is not entirely bleak.Joyce could simply have condemned Dublin, as  Gallaher  does, or followed the example of Duffy, who, in A Painful Case, seeks refuge in brittle, lonely seclusion. But Joyce chose the more challenging course of confronting and accepting the loss of the ‘dear’ in ‘dear, dirty Dublin. ’ (p70) The city’s ability to supress its citizens hope of, or will to change, is something that it is clear, the paralysed characters of The Sisters had experienced, and it is this theme that this essay will now explore further, in an attempt to draw conclusions as to the validity of Lehan’s statement.The chosen Langston Hughes’ poems I, too, Harlem and New Yorkers display continuity of the theme of ‘paralysis’ through the restriction of a city on its citizens although in differing ways and to differing e xtents. Langston Hughes’ poem, I, too, is a poem whose main character is in complete contrast to the those of Joyce. Hughes positions the readers to feel the emotions of guilt and sympathy by applying his personal narration and allows the readers to recognise the inequality of the ‘darker brother’ who is sent ‘to eat in the kitchen /when company comes’ (lines 3-4).The isolation of the ‘darker brother’, his presence an embarrassment to the people around him, serves to anger and motivate his determination for change that is so differing to that of Joyce’s Dublin characters. When he ironically states, ‘But I laugh,/And eat well,/ And grow strong’ (5-7) the speaker is making clear his determination to utilise even the worst situation as an opportunity for growth. Hughes’ use of humour and irony demonstrates this positivity and certainty of change for the future which is in complete contrast to that of Joyce’ s characters.The physical symmetry of the anthem-like poem centres around the line ‘tomorrow’ (8) and seems to gain momentum and passion, as he defiantly promises white America that he will not be spoken for ‘Tomorrow, /I’ll be at the table/ when company comes. / nobody’ll dare say to me,/ eat in the kitchen [†¦] they’ll see how beautiful I am’ (8-16). Hughes positions the reader to feel both sympathy and admiration in the statement, ‘and be ashamed’ (17).The word ‘beautiful’ seemingly symbolises both the speaker’s skin colour and his cultural heritage, his pride demonstrating that he does not want to change himself so the city will accept him, but for the ‘white’ city to awake from its own paralysis and to actively accept change by valuing their separate and distinctive black culture, establishing that he, acting as a representative for the rest of his culture, is as part of the city a s â€Å"I [he] too am [is] America† (18).The theme of ‘paralysis’ is also present in Hughes’ poem Harlem albeit in different way to that of I, too. The speaker’s tone of disdain towards the city is instantly clear through the powerful imagery of it being situated on ‘the edge of hell’ (line 1). This is then compounded by the frequent punctuation and repetition of ‘old’ (3-5), successfully portraying the tedium and hopelessness that it is clear the speaker feels about the situation.The narrative uses the term ‘we’ suggesting that, like I, too, that the speaker is not just speaking as himself but acting as a ‘voice’ for a wider, black culture. When he speaks of the price increase of sugar, bread and the ‘new tax on cigarettes’ (11) he suggests political repression, when he speaks of the job they ‘never could get/and can’t have now/Because we’re coloured’ (13-15 ) he displays his embitterment towards the city and its reluctance to change. The feeling of hopelessness is carried through to the end of the poem, ‘We remember. a sombre statement echoing the ‘remembering of old lies’ (5) from the beginning and accurately portraying the sense of time passed over which they have been ‘patient’ (5) despite what ‘they told us before’ (5). The sense of hopelessness present within the speaker, and by association the African-American culture, is one that Hughes is suggesting has been gradually attained through their sacrifices for, and repression by, the city in which they live, much like that of Joyce’s Dublin upon his characters.The third poem which this essay will use to explore the validity of Lehan’s statement is that of New Yorkers. The first stanza opens introducing the male character as that of a native New Yorker ‘I was born here’ (line 1), the internal rhyme of ‘that ’s no lie, he said/right here beneath God’s sky’ (2-3) draws attention to the apparent need to reassure the female character that he was telling the truth, the implication being that they had been subject to previous dishonesty.If, like in Hughes’ other two poems we assume that each ‘voice’ represents the voice of their particular cultures we can infer a deeper meaning to the previous statement: that the female voice who ‘wasn’t born here’ (4) represents the new immigrants, the statement therefore seemingly echoing the ‘old lies’ seen in Hughes’ Harlem that promised of better possibilities. ‘where I come from/folks work hard/all their lives/ until they die/ and never own no parts/of earth nor sky’(6-11) Hughes draws attention to her belief of the better possibilities that the city would offer and the fact that they were misguided, by his use f her believing she could own a piece of ‘s ky’ (11). The repetition of the word also serves to demonstrate the similarities between the ‘sky’ of the place from which the immigrant originates and that of the city’s despite her initial beliefs that the city would offer more ‘Now what’ve I got? ’ (13). The following declaration of love ‘You! ’ (14) acts to convey that an unexpected possibility for emotional growth has been offered. However the hint of irony in the final line ‘The same old spark! perhaps implies that she has closed her mind to her original dreams of expanding possibilities, for what might be a temporary ‘flame’. In conclusion, Hughes’ poems, like The Sisters, all indicate the offering of, and restrictions on, the possibilities within a city and therefore confirm Lehan’s statement. Both authors, upon first glance, seemingly highlight more restrictions than opportunities. It is important to remember however, that as each c ity changes, so do the opportunities and restrictions offered, and at the time of writing, both cities were in a period of dramatic change, to which there is always resistance.At the conclusion of The Sisters we are left wondering how much of a character's plight is due to the city’s restrictions Joyce so specifically illuminates, and how much is due to human qualities that transcend environment. Perhaps the lesson in both Joyce’s and Hughes’ work, is that a city is made up of individual characters, and as long as its individuals remain backward-facing, without hope and closed to change, they will be paralysed from seeing the possibilities that the city has to offer them.Word Count 2186 Bibliography †¢ A230 Assignment Guide,( 2010) TMA 04, Open University press †¢ Bremen, B (1984) â€Å"He Was Too Scrupulous Always†: A Re-Examination of Joyce's â€Å"The Sisters† James Joyce Quarterly  , Vol. 22, No. 1 pp. 55-66 †¢ Haslam, S & Asbe e, S (2012) The Twentieth Century, Twentieth-Century Cities, Open University Press †¢ Haslam, S & Asbee, S (2012) The Twentieth Century, ‘Readings for part 1’, Open University Press James Joyce (2000 [1914]) Dubliners (with an introduction and notes by Terence Brown), Penguin Modern Classics, London, Penguin. †¢ Walzl, F (1965) The life chronology of the Dubliners , James Joyce Quarterley Websites: †¢ A230-11J, Study Guide: Week 26: Extra Resources, Milton Keynes, The Open University, http://learn. open. ac. uk/file. php/7066/ebook_a230_book3_pt1_chpt4_langston-hughes-poetry_l3. pdf (accessed 21st March 2012) †¢ http://us. penguingroup. com/static/rguides/us/dubliners. html